Glacier retreat in New Zealand during the Younger Dryas stadial. Nature, 09 . 2010 – Kaplan, Schaefer, Denton et al.
Millennial-scale cold reversals in the high latitudes of both hemispheres interrupted the last transition from full glacial to interglacial
climate conditions. The presence of the Younger Dryas stadial (12.9 to 11.7 kyr ago) is established throughout much
of the Northern Hemisphere, but the global timing, nature and extent of the event are not well established. Evidence in mid to low
latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, in particular, has remained perplexing1–6. The debate has in part focused on the behaviour of
mountain glaciers in New Zealand, where previous research has found equivocal evidence for the precise timing of increased or
reduced ice extent1–3. The interhemispheric behaviour of the climate system during the Younger Dryas thus remains an open
question, fundamentally limiting our ability to formulate realistic models of global climate dynamics for this time period. Here we
show that New Zealand’s glaciers retreated after 13 kyr BP, at the onset of the Younger Dryas, and in general over the subsequent
1.5-kyr period. Our evidence is based on detailed landform mapping, a high-precision 10Be chronology7 and reconstruction
of former ice extents and snow lines from well-preserved cirque moraines. Our late-glacial glacier chronology matches climatic
trends in Antarctica, Southern Ocean behaviour and variations in atmospheric CO2. The evidence points to a distinct warming
of the southern mid-latitude atmosphere during the Younger Dryas and a close coupling between New Zealand’s cryosphere
and southern high-latitude climate. These findings support the hypothesis that extensive winter sea ice and curtailed meridional
ocean overturning in the North Atlantic led to a strong interhemispheric thermal gradient8 during late-glacial times, in turn
leading to increased upwelling and CO2 release from the Southern Ocean9, thereby triggering Southern Hemisphere warming during
the northern Younger Dryas.