References
Schuster, P.F., et al., 2002, Fremont Glacier Atmospheric Mercury Data, IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2002-038. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
Blunier et al., 1995, Nature
Chappallez et al., 1999, Nature
Etheridge et al. 1994, Trends
Etheridge et al., 1996, JGR
Etheridge et al., 1998, JGR
Hong et al., 1994, Science
Hong et al., 1996, Science 1994, Trends
Schuster et al., 2002, Env. Sci.
Hou et al., 2002, Annals of Glac.
Mayewski et al., 1986, Science
Stauffer et al., 1998, Nature
http://data.giss.nasa.gov/modelforce/
Indermühle et al., 1999, Nature
Kang et al., 2001, J. Glac.
Kang et al., 2002, Atmosp. Env.
Kang et al., 2002, J. Geophys. Res.
Leuenberger and Siegenthaler,
Mayewski et al., 1986, Science
Mayewski et al., 1990, Nature
Petit et al., 1999, Nature
Qin et al., 2002, Annals of Glac.
Human Pollutants
Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/) and Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/).
Etheridge, D.M., et al. 2010. Law Dome Ice Core 2000-Year CO2, CH4, and N2O Data.IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2010-070. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
Lüthi, D., et al.. 2008. EPICA Dome C Ice Core 800KYr Carbon Dioxide Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2008-055. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
Loulergue, L., et al.. 2008. EPICA Dome C Ice Core 800KYr Methane Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2008-054. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
Etheridge, D.M., et al. 2010. Law Dome Ice Core 2000-Year CO2, CH4, and N2O Data.IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2010-070. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
Flückiger, J., A. Dällenbach, B. Stauffer, 1999, N2O Data Covering the Last Millennium. IGBP Pages/World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #1999-058 NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
McConnell, J.R., and R. Edwards. 2008. Greenland Ice Core ACT2 Toxic Heavy Metals Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2008-079. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
Schwikowski, M., Barbante, C., Doering, T., Gaeggeler, H., Boutron, C., Schotterer, U., Tobler, L., Van de Velde, K., Ferrari, C., Cozzi, G., Rosman, K., and Cescon, P., (2004) Post-17th-Century Changes of European Lead Emissions Recorded in High-Altitude Alpine Snow and Ice. Environmental Science and Technology. 38, 4.
Osterberg, E., et al. 2008.Mt. Logan PR Col Ice Core 7,400 Year Glaciochemical Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2008-094. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
International historical statistics : Africa, Asia & Oceania, 1750-1993 / B.R. Mitchell. London : Macmillan Reference ; New York : Stockton Press, 1998. [Van Pelt Library Reference Stacks: HA4675 .M573 1998]
Mayewski, P.A., W.B. Lyons, M.J. Spencer, M.S. Twickler, C.F. Buck, and S.I. Whitlow. 1990. An ice core record of atmospheric response to anthropogenic sulphate and nitrate. Nature 346:554-556.
Preunkert, S., Legrand, M., Wagenbach, D ., (2001) Sulfate trends in a Col du Dome (French Alps) ice core: A record of anthropogenic sulfate levels in the European midtroposphere over the twentieth century. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106 (D23), 31991-32,004
Koerner, R.M., Fisher, D.A., Goto-Azuma, K., (1999) A 100 year record of ion chemistry from Agassiz ice cap Northern Ellesmere Island NWT, Canada Atmospheric Environment 33 (3), 347-357
Mayewski, P.A., W.B. Lyons, M.J. Spencer, M.S. Twickler, C.F. Buck, and S.I. Whitlow. 1990. An ice core record of atmospheric response to anthropogenic sulphate and nitrate. Nature 346:554-556.
Olivier, S., Blaser, C., Brütsch, S., Frolova, N., Gäggeler, HW., Henderson, K.A ., Palmer, A.S., Papina, T., Schwikowski, M., (2006) Temporal variations of mineral dust, biogenic tracers, and anthropogenic species during the past two centuries from Belukha ice core, Siberian Altai, J. Geophys. Res, 111.
Arnulf Gru ̈bler Trends in Global Emissions: Carbon, Sulfur, and NitrogenVolume 3, Causes and consequences of global environmental change, pp 35–53
Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change
(ISBN 0-471-97796-9) Editor-in-Chief Ted Munn John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, 2002
McConnell, J.R., et al. 2007. Greenland D4 Ice Core Black Carbon, VA, and nssS Data.IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2007-060. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
Schuster, P.F., et al., 2004, Fremont Glacier 1991 Core Tritium Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2004-079.NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
ref
Kalnay et al., 1996, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.
Carbon dioxide (CO )
2
Methane (CH )
4
Nitrous dioxide (N O )
2
Lead (Pb)
Mercury (Hg)
Nitrate (NO3-)
Sulfate (SO4 2-)
Black Carbon
Tritium and 36Cl-
What is Climate?
What are the natural factors that lead to climate change?
Ice Core 101
Mark McCaffrey, NGDC/NOAA
Petit, J.R., et al., 2001, Vostok Ice Core Data for 420,000 Years, IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #2001-076.
NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA.
Volstok Ice Core, Antarctica
GISP2 and Siple Dome Ice Cores
Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions
Mayewski et al., (2006) Recent warming inconsistent with natural association between temperature and atmospheric circulation over the last 2000 years, Clim. Past Discuss., 2, 1–29. 2
